@article{2014-SciencePG-InterfacingWithAdaptiveSystems,
   author = {Ahn, René and Barakova, Emilia and Feijs, Loe and Funk, Mathias and Hu, Jun and Rauterberg, Matthias},
   title = {Interfacing with adaptive systems},
   journal = {Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems},
   volume = {2},
   number = {4},
   pages = {53-61},
   abstract = {We cast a design view on the interactions that occur when humans face (interconnected) adaptive systems. As 
humans are also adaptive, the combined behavior of such systems and humans can exhibit various phenomena that are 
especially of concern to designers of adaptive systems dealing with the inherent complexity of systems, systems’ interfaces, 
interconnectivity, and other design factors. Based on examples of interactions between humans and systems at different levels 
of complexity, we propose a hierarchical taxonomy of increasingly complex challenges that system engineers will encounter 
when designing adaptive systems. Among adaptive systems, the taxonomy distinguishes closed and open systems, 
embodying processes that are unaware or aware, and finally, friendly and hostile. This taxonomy can be of use in designing 
these systems and their interfaces, as it helps to categorize the information needs of users. In fact, systems at various levels in 
the hierarchy need to offer certain cognitive affordances for users to operate these systems successfully. We illustrate how 
complex the information needs of users in these different situations can be, and formulate emerging design research questions. 
These could be of particular interest to designers who create intelligent systems, products, and related services in a societal 
context. },
   keywords = {Adaptive Systems, Human Behavior, Interfaces, Systems Design, Taxonomy},
   DOI = {10.11648/j.acis.20140204.12},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Journal Article}
}